Valence shell atomic orbitals: s, p and d

Second row elements (C, N, and O barticularly, in organic chemistry) use the 2s, and 2p atomic orbitals to create bonding orbitals with other atoms. Third row elements (S and P, particularly) have low-lying 3d orbitals available. The latter become important in bonding for transition metals.

You may illustrate each AO by clicking on the appropriate button.